Affirmative Action Essays (485 words) - Social Inequality

Affirmative Action Affirmative Action President John F. Kennedy used the phrase affirmative action in March of 1961, when he put into effect Executive Order 10925. The order required every federal contract to include the pledge that The Contractor will not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin. The Contractor will take affirmative action, to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin. However, in 1965 President Lyndon B. Johnson felt that in order to achieve fairness more was need than just a commitment to impartial treatment. Months later, President Johnson issued Executive Order 11246, which stated that It is the policy of the Government of the United States to provide equal opportunity in federal employment for all qualified persons, to prohibit discrimination in employment because or race, creed, color or national origin, and to promote the full realization of equal employment opportunity through a positive, continuing program in each department and agency. Two years later, the order was amended to prohibit discrimination based on sex. Today, it is argued that the affirmative action policy has resulted in reverse discrimination, as well as an increase in racial tension. Those in opposition feel that it is undemocratic to give one class of citizens advantages at the expense of other citizens. They feel this policy promotes quotas rather than qualifications. They believe that discrimination on some level is a part of everyone's life and is an inescapable part of forming preferences and taste. Those in favor of affirmative action state that it is not about preferential treatment for certain racial, gender, or ethnic groups, but rather about promoting equality and equal opportunities for everyone. Defenders feel this policy helps level the field for women and minorities that historically have been overlooked and discriminated against. The issue of affirmative action is a sore subject in society. I have mixed feelings on the policy; it can be beneficial as well as harmful to those affected by it. As a woman in the workforce, it is reality to me that segregation based on sex does exist, as well as a wage gap. I feel that women will benefit more from a free market system rather than one controlled by government regulation. In order to meet their quota, employers will promote women and minorities too quickly or into positions, they are not qualified for. Which causes a new dilemma, failure due to premature promotion is seen as confirmation of the inadequacy of their sex or race. Human nature causes us to draw conclusions, judge and categorize others based on their outside appearance on a daily basis. Generally, you associate with those you favor and avoid those who you feel are objectionable or unpleasant. Affirmative action if viewed in a broader historical context, is primarily about equal opportunity in American society. Business

3 Reasons to Buy Your Real Christmas Tree Early

3 Reasons to Buy Your Real Christmas Tree Early The weekend after Thanksgiving is traditionally when​ most Christmas tree buying occurs. The decision to delay buying your holiday tree can certainly be determined by personal reasons including family tradition, religious doctrine and a post-Thanksgiving getting into the Christmas spirit barrage of media hype. If you are not bound by any of these or other personal preferences, you might want to consider shopping for and buying a Christmas tree a bit earlier in November. Buying early will pay off with less competition for higher quality Christmas tree selections and could ultimately result in a fresher holiday tree  if properly displayed and watered. Here are some of the reasons to buy a tree early. The Best Trees Are Harvested Early   You should consider mid-November as the  time to plan and follow through on your Christmas tree purchase. Christmas tree farms typically open during the middle of November and start cutting trees for lot sales. These are commercial wholesale farms (who often sell high-quality trees out the front door) and smaller tree farms catering to cutting your own tree. These types of Christmas tree farms promote early sales in designated sections where Christmas trees are of age and in prime shape. Obviously, these areas yield better trees at the beginning of the season, and its when you need to plan your visit. Farms selling trees online actually insist you place your order early in November. Although pricey, Ive found holiday trees purchased on the Internet to be of higher quality than even the premium selects growing on a tree farm. These trees are the growers best of the season crop and harvested first. Farms that supply online broker/sellers or farms that actually sell online take the best trees of their  plantation. They will arrive in perfect condition and are stand-ready (some farms even provide temporary stands with the tree). Instead of having to pick the perfect tree, you have professionals select the best for your holiday season. Get a Better Quality Tree Mounted in a Stand Most people dont realize that many Christmas trees bought on lots were cut in early to mid-November. So, when these trees are not purchased until after Thanksgiving, the drying process is well advanced and needle retention is often compromised. You are just as well off, and in our opinion much better off, buying the tree early and following our recommendations on how to prepare it for optimum freshness over the rest of the season. Although you just might luck out and get a fresh tree late in the season, you should not consider yourself getting a fresh tree by purchasing after Thanksgiving weekend. You just get a lower quality tree (picked over) with shedding needles as you delay your purchase. The sooner you get your Christmas tree in a watering stand after cutting, the longer will be the trees needle retention. The above reasons are the perfect excuse to buy a tree early and enjoying it during the Thanksgiving season. You should not consider yourself getting a fresh tree by purchasing later. The odds are that you just get a lower quality tree with shedding needles if purchased in December.   Avoid a Short Buying Season   Every year is different when it comes to Christmas tree availability. Christmas tree sales in numbers can vary annually because some years will have less shopping days between Thanksgiving and Christmas than others. This means that tree sellers will be busy over a shorter period of time and you will not have as many days to shop for a Christmas tree. Natural disruptions (insects, disease, fire, drought or ice) can cause regional Christmas tree shortages which can make certain Christmas tree species hard to find. In any event, buyers need to plan and purchase early to pick from the best holiday trees on the lot.

Case study accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study accounting - Essay Example suitable methods for maintaining an efficient accounting system for better and accurate costing, financial and operating information, she has presented comprehensive accounting and non-accounting information regarding the business operations. The following is a brief analysis of the business information provided by Wadhha. Wadhha started the boatyard business with a small amount of her savings forming her initial investment into the business. This had a dual effect i.e., on one side it increased the company’s assets being cash while on the other aspect it increased the capital invested into the company. In her quest to get on doing some business, she purchased a running boatyard business at a fair negotiable price. This entitled her the benefits of acquiring an old business and saving her the hassle of forming and establishing an entirely new business. The need for additional funds to finance the business was met by borrowing funds from a friend. It further had double effects i.e., on one side it increased the company’s assets being cash and on the other side, it increased the company’s liabilities. The wharf and store were also of attraction to the customers who were mostly the holiday makers for boating purposes and the company made the most of this attraction by offering fishing tackle, sporting goods and other refreshments. The most of the expenses incurred by company would be on the maintenance of the land, building, store, petrol and diesel pumps, work shed etc, the labour wages expenses, any interest on the borrowings etc. The company possesses great future prospects if the assets are utilised efficiently and effectively towards the generation and maximisation of revenues, so that the expenses could easily be met and the liabilities be paid off on time. The Wadhha’s boatyard owns all the fixed assets needed to run the company, however not much information is provided regarding the current assets of the company most importantly, cash. Wadhha

In what ways do changes of administration in Washington affect Essay

In what ways do changes of administration in Washington affect continuity in US policy in the Asia-Pacific - Essay Example If the heads of state had come from similar parties it is easier to ensure continuity of policies. Otherwise, the chances of continuity are slim unless the next president is not one for party politics such as Obama’s case. So as to have a clearer view on how administration changes tend to affect continuity in the Asia-Pacific area, this essay henceforth aims to scrutinize the ways in which the change of political leaders may affect policy continuity. Administration changes can affect policies whenever party politics take precedence over continuity. It has been known that Democrats and Republicans have contrasting values. While the former espouses liberal views and political methods, the latter’s beliefs on and approach to policy debates is conservative and traditional. Party affiliation in the US has a â€Å"predominant influence† on the President and his administration. Jim Leach, former chairman of the US House of Representatives Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, considers â€Å"the interplay between the Republican and Democratic parties and within each of these parties† as responsible for adding another coat of complexity to the US system and its policies in Asia-Pacific. For comparison’s sake, the Democratic administration of President Bill Clinton was markedly different from that of his successor Bush Jr. Though rocked with scandals irrelevant to policy-making (i.e. Monica Lewinsky affai r), there was at least a shortage of war. As Rozoff (2009) quipped in his write-up, â€Å"when Clinton lied no Americans died.† On one hand, the Bush Presidency had enough Republican policies on war to sacrifice thousands of American soldiers. The Democratic Policy Committee condemned such policies as â€Å"misguided† for having â€Å"severely tarnished Americas reputation in Iraq and around the world† and  undermined â€Å"U.S.-led reconstruction efforts†

Minimalism and Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Minimalism and Music - Essay Example The cultural milieu of the first wave of minimalist composers all born in the mid 1930s in the United States was one marked by social upheaval, political revolution, and a new sense of global awareness and connection after the isolationist 50's. This sense of a world stage in which the United States and the Soviet Union were the two antipodes invited an influx of ideas and cultural artifacts from the rest of the world. The late 50's and early 60's saw a massive increase in the number of colleges and universities and the subsequent rise in attendance of those institutions. This academic boom laid the groundwork for the ideological struggles that would precipitate politically, culturally, and artistically. As such, minimalism owes more to non-Western music, jazz and rock than to 20th-century Modernism or any other Western art music, at least that since the Baroque period (Potter "Minimalism"). While their modernist predecessors and their electronic and electro-acoustic contemporaries w ere interested in withdrawal, socially and musically as evidenced by Milton Babbit's statement, "the composer would do himself and his music an immediate and eventual service by total, resolute, and voluntary withdrawal from this public world into one of private performance and electronic media, with its very real possibility of complete elimination of the public and social aspects of composition" . That particular quotation of Babbit's was present in his controversial essay, "Who Cares If you Listen," Steve Reich. believed quite the opposite and suggested that the work that he, Terry Riley and Philip Glass were doing was interested in the public reaction and interested in connecting with a more mainstream approach (Schwarz, 375). The second wave of minimalist composers came later in the 80's and 90's under the rubric of "holy minimalism." This trio of composers included: Henyrk Gorecki, Arvo Part, and John Taverner. Their milieu is also suggestive of a multi-culturally infused, cosmopolitan attitude towards music, with an interest in connecting with the people around them. However, in addition to this cultural context, there is a religious or transcendent impulse in their music that is not necessarily present in the work of Riley, Glass or Reich. This transcendent impulse is also indicative of the opportunity to connect with an audience in a mainstream way, by the utilization of religious imagery perhaps common to many. Stylistically, Minimalism is a response to serialism, free atonality, and aleatory styles of John Cage and other post-war avant-garde musicians (Schwarz, 375). It

Effectiveness of Para-Transit Transport Services

Effectiveness of Para-Transit Transport Services THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PARA-TRANSIT TRANSPORT SERVICES IN NIGERIAN TOWNS: THE CASE OF MOTORCYCLE TRANSPORT IN ABRAKA ATUBI, AUGUSTUS 0. ABSTRACT The thrust of this article is on the desirability of motorcycles in Abraka region as a means of para-transit transportation. The paper examines the existing mode of para-transportation in Abraka region, and discovers that commuters in Abraka region are increasingly patronizing motorcycles as a mode of transport. Also, with the poor conditions of roads in Abraka, most parts of Abraka are denied access to public transport services. In the light of this, a vast number of commuters have now resorted to the services of motorcycle transport in spite of the social risks and incessant cases of accidents associated with this mode of transport. This study discovers through Pearson’s Product Moment correlation coefficient analysis that there is a high significant relationship between the standard of living of cyclists and motorcycle business in the study area. The paper ends by highlighting issues, which should be incorporated in a comprehensive urban transport policy to make motorcycle transport safe and efficient as a para-transit mode of transport in Abraka region. INTRODUCTION The need for an efficient public transport service to cater for the demands of urban commuters cannot be overstressed. Public transport systems are more efficient means of transporting large numbers of people between and within settlements than private cars (Adeniji, 1983). In contemporary transportation lexicon, two major types of public transport systems are defined. These are the conventional public transport system and the para-transit or intermediate systems of public transport. The para-transit or intermediate systems are so called because they include all systems of urban transport, between the private car on the one hand of the scale and the conventional public transport system on the other (Adeniji, 1983). Para-transit modes of transport in developed countries include such systems as car pools, rental cars, specialized commuter bus services provided on a subscription basis, as well as taxi cab related services like dial-a-bus and motorcycles. In the less developed countries, para-transit modes are usually referred to as intermediate modes of public transport. They include the shared taxi cab, mini buses, modified vehicles such as the jeepneys of Manila in the Philippines (Grava, 1977), silos of Chien Mai in Thailand (Fourcare and Manundes, 1977), Molue of Lagos in Nigeria (Olayemi, 1979), Beenos of Surabaya in Indonesia (Fouracre and Manuder, 1978), the cycle rickshaws community found in most Asian cities (Jacob and Fouracre, 1976) and â€Å"Going† in Nigerian Towns, (Okoko, 1990). In recent years, the prohibitive prices of brand new cars and buses have resulted in the reduction of the number of private cars and commercial vehicles generally on our urban roads. Even the fairly used imported cars and buses (Tukunbo) are beyond the reach of the majority of our people. As a result of these factors, there has been a tremendous demand for public transport in our towns in recent years. It is now a common sight to see hundreds of passengers at bus stations or along road sides waiting for hours for the few buses and taxis on the road (Okoko, 1998), This scenario has necessitated the introduction of motorcycles as a means of para-transit transport in Nigeria towns. It first gained prominence in the Cross River State the l970s where it was variously referred to as â€Å"Aka-Uke† or â€Å"Ala-Olok†. This mode has now diffused to other Nigeria towns including Lagos and Abuja. It is now the dominant mode of transport in most of our urban centres e.g. Uyo Calabar, Nasarawa etc. It is variously referred to â€Å"Okada† in the Mid-West belt regions of Nigeria and â€Å"Abacha† in Northern Nigeria. The motorcycle mode has had the advantage of flexibility and door-to-door service especially in towns where the road network does not permit an efficient operation of taxi service. The major problem associated with it is the high number of accident cases often resulting in the death of both the cyclist and the passenger or commuter. Table 1, shows some para-transit modes and their relative performance characteristics. Most of these modes are very popular in Asian and Latin American countries where they are employed both in rural and urban areas. These modes are recommended for use in our towns and rural areas where conventional mass transit facilities are inadequate. In rural areas where the population is less than 50,000, privately operated para-transit modes are adequate. In settlements where the population is between 50,000-100,000 para-transit and privately operated omnibuses are adequate. Mass transit public transport services are recommended for settlements with a population size of over 100,000 inhabitants (Adeniji, 1986). In recent years, with the aid of motorcycling, Abraka community has experienced an unprecedented general economic boom, which has encouraged the increased diversification of local industries and commercial activities. Atubi and Onokala (2004b) stated that â€Å"in human geography, one of the most fundamental themes is spatial interaction. That spatial interaction involves the movement of goods and services and people between various centres in space. In general, when constructing or improving a road network where economic constraints apply, they said, the most economical solution for one road link may not necessarily be the best solution for the network as a whole. That the cost of implementing one project to high standards may consume resources that would be better spent over the whole network, or in filling other gaps in the network with lower standard roads†. The influence of political policies on the transport facilities in metropolitan Lagos was also examined by Sada (1970) where he maintained that politics had more than desired influence on the city network and this is irrational to objective planning of transport network in such a large city. He further said that until the city was given a new dimension such as planning and reversing same existing policies, the problems of traffic in Lagos would still continue to be in existence. Furthermore, for any meaningful division of labour and specialization in production process to take place in any society such as Abraka, there must be an efficient and effective means of transport (Atubi and Onokala, 2004a). The various feeder roads and paths are constructed to connect the interior parts of the region and this gives room or serve as an advantage to motorcycle transport system in Abraka region. METHODOLOGY Data for this article were collected through questionnaire survey in Abraka region. Questionnaires were administered randomly/systematically on respondents. This article specially aims at examining the influence of motorcycle transportation with emphasis on employment opportunities of respondents. For the purpose of achieving the aim eighty (80) questionnaires were administered. For effective administration of the questionnaires the region was subdivided into three (3) regions or zones Viz: Ekrejeta Road, Kwale Road and Abraka-urban Road. The statistical techniques employed include means and percentages as well as the Pearson’s Product Movement Correlation Coefficient (P.P.M .C.C.) THE RESEARCH FINDINGS Table 1: Basic Para-Transit Modes and their Performance Characteristics Source: Howe, J (1983) Conceptual Framework for Defining and Evaluating Improvements for Local Level Rural Transport in Developing Countries (Geneva, H. 0.) Dept. 1983, Pp. 3 7-39. Table 2: Importance of Motorcycle Transportation Alternatives Response Percentage (%) Yes No 77 3 96 4 Total 80 100 Source: Field Survey, 2004. From the table above, it was clearly shown that the importance of motorcycle as a mode of transportation in Abraka region cannot be over-emphasized. It is observed that 96% of the respondents are of the view that motorcycle transportation has played an important role in Abraka region while only 4% disagreed. Also, the movement of people, goods and information are being facilitated via motorcycle transport. Table 3: Ownership of Motorcycle Alternatives Response Percentage (%) Yes (My own) No (Hired) 29 51 36 64 Total 80 100 Source: Field Survey, 2004. Sixty-four percent (64%) of the respondents agreed that most of the motorcycles in use in Abraka community for transport purposes are hired and thirty-six (3 6%) are of the view that the motorcycle used in Abraka are privately owned. Therefore, the lot of motorcycles in Abraka region are hired meaning that the users (cyclists) are operating on a â€Å"balance and take† basis. That is the motorcyclist pays the owner of the machine certain amount of money depending on the terms of agreement after which the machine becomes that of the cyclist. Table 4: Monthly Income Through Motorcycling Amount Response Percentage (%) Below N2,000 N2,000- N4,000 N4,000-N6000 N6,000- N8,000 Above N8,000 23 24 12 8 13 29 30 15 10 16 Total 80 100 Source: Field Survey, 2004. It could be deduced from the above table that the majority of the cyclists earn between N2,000 and N4,000 monthly. This is followed by those cyclists that earn below N2,000 per month. From the table 30% and 29% earn between N2,000 and N4,000 and below N2,000 monthly respectively. Table 5: Time of Operation/Service Time Response Percentage (%) Below 10 a.m 10a.m-4p.m. 4p.m-7p.m. Above7p.m. Always 23 17 19 11 9 29 21 24 14 11 Total 80 100 Source: Field Survey, 2004. The table above shows that the time of operation is mostly in the morning between 10.00 a.m. and reduces until the evening from 4.00 p.m. to 7.00 p.m. The peak hour of operation being in the morning and evening in Abraka region could be as a result of people going to their various places of work and their return back home. These periods have the highest percentages of 30 and 24 respectively. Following the peak hours are the hours betweens 10.00 a.m. and 4.00 p.m. with a percentage rate of2l. This could be because of parents going on â€Å"school run†. Table 6: Fare/Charge Per-Distance Alternatives Response Percentage (%) Yes No 41 39 51 49 Total 80 100 Source: Field Survey, 2004. The responses from the table above means that the fare per distance is likely determined by the passenger and the cyclist, 51% of the respondents agreed that the charge per distance during operation is constant while 49% disagreed. Meaning that, the charge varies with distance. This could be as a result of the operation hour because the fare at night or during bad weather (rainfall) and even during period of fuel scarcity fare tends to vary with distances. During such period, it is the bargaining power between the passenger and the cyclist that determined the fare. Nevertheless, the charge within Abraka region is relatively constant. Table 7: Standard of living through income Received and Motorcycling (observed Frequency) Alternatives Ekrejeka Rd. Kwale Road Abraka-Urban Road total Strongly Agreed Agreed Partially agreed Disagreed 17 2 7 1 12 4 9 1 19 1 5 2 48 7 21 4 Total 27 26 27 80 Source: Field survey, 2004, From table 7 above, the calculated value of the correlation coefficient is 0.90 approximately (see table 9). It could be deduced therefore, that as income increases through motorcycling, the standard of living of the cyclists also increases at 0.05 level of significance. Table 8: Increase in Motorcycle and the population of Abraka Region Alternatives Ekrejeka Rd. Kwale Road Abraka-Urban Road total Strongly Agreed Agreed Partially agreed Disagreed 2 7 5 13 3 6 3 14 1 1 0 25 6 14 8 52 Total 27 26 27 80 Source: Field survey, 2004. From the calculated values in table 8, (see table 9), the calculated value of the data using the Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient is approximately 0.89. From table 9, it also implies that 20.79% of the population of Abraka can be explained by increase in motorcycle activities while 79.2 1% cannot be attributed to increase in motorcycle activities which could be due to other reasons. Table 9: A correlation Table of Population and Motorcycle increase in Abraka Region Table 10: Provision of Employment Opportunity and Motorcycle Transportation Source: Computed from Table 8, 2004 The calculated value derived from table 10 above using the Pearson’s Product Movement Correlation Coefficient is appropriately 0.86 (see table 11). Also, 26.04% of the employment opportunity can be explained by motorcycle transport in Abraka region while 73.96% cannot be explained and may be due to other factors. Table 11:. Provision of Employment Opportunity and Motorcycle Transportation From table 11, there was a high and positive correlation between employment opportunity and motorcycle transportation in Abraka region. From this brief and simple analysis, the fact that motorcycle transportation has a role to play in the employment of youths in the study area is incontestable. ISSUES FOR POLICY FORMULATION The time has come for us to accept the indispensability of motorcycle transport in Abraka region. The availability of a comprehensive and up-to-date information on vehicle population in the country makes it difficult to have an accurate car ownership ratio per capita for the country. Recent phenomenal increases in the prices of imported cars, both brand new ones and fairly used cars otherwise known as â€Å"tokunbo†, have made it difficult for the average Nigerian to own a car. Even motorcycles and bicycles are now priced out of the reach of the middle and low income households in the country (Adeniji, 1986). In the light of the poor economic situation in the country, there is need for the government to give an official recognition to the operation of motorcycle transport in Nigeria. The operation of motorcyclists should be streamlined such that it should not be a case of any body just picking up his motorcycle and going into business. Just like the National Road Transport Workers Union that monitors the operation of taxis and buses, a similar body should also be set up to oversee the operation of motorcyclists. Every motorcyclist should be made to register with this body before he is allowed to operate. This body should issue identity cards and uniforms for easy identification by commuters. In addition to this, the procedure for the issuance of driving licenses should be reviewed. Every motorcyclist should have either a license or a permit before he is allowed to operate the motorcycle. The Government should reconsider the idea of introducing crash-helmets for the use of both the cyclist and the passenger. The importance of crash-helmets cannot be over-emphasized s they protect the head from severe injury whenever accidents occur. Urban roads should from now henceforth be designed to accommodate cycle-ways. This will reduce cut throat competition for urban road space by cyclists, motorists and pedestrians thereby reducing the rate of accidents on our roads. Existing traffic bye-laws and regulations should be reviewed to accommodate the motorcycle mode and conscious efforts should be made to ensure their enforcement. CONCLUSION Transport of any kind is concomitant and a prerequisite to the development of any modem society. It is indispensable in the economy of any society hence it has increased the socio-economic development of Abraka region. This research has revealed that motorcycle business has a significant effect in the provision of employment, increase in the standard of living of the cyclists and a corresponding increase in the population of Abraka region. REFERENCES Adeniji, K. (1983): â€Å"Urban Development and Public Transport in Nigeria† Third World Planning Review, Vol.5, No.4, Pp. 383-394. Adeniji, K. (1986) â€Å"Public Transportation in Nigeria: where do we go from here?† Paper delivered at the NISER Seminar Series, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, Pp. 1-22. Atubi, A.O. and Onokala, P.C. (2004a) â€Å"Road Transportation and the Socio-Economic Development of the Niger Delta: A case study of Warn Metropolis†. Journal of Social and Management Sciences Review Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 102-113. Atubi, A.O. and Onokala, P.C. (2004b) â€Å"The Accessibility of Centres to the Road Networks: The Case of Lagos Island, Lagos, Nigeria†. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Dynamics, Vol. 2, Pp. 140-15 1. Fouracre, P.R. and Maunder, D.A.C. (1977): â€Å"Public Transport in Cheng Mai, Thailand† Crowthorne, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Supplementary Report 285. Fouracre, P.R. and Maunder, D.A.C. (1978) â€Å"Public Transport in Swiabaya, Indonasia† Crawthorne, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Supplementary Report 370. Grava, S. (1977): â€Å"The Jeepneys of Manila† Traffic Quartet, Vol. 26,No. 4, Pp.465-483. Jacobs, G.D. and Fouracre, P.R. (1976) Further research on road accident rates in developing countries. TRRL complementary Report27O. Crowthorne Okoko, F. (1990) â€Å"For an Effective â€Å"Going System†. The Standard Newspaper, Jos, Nigeria. Wed. July 25, p. 9 Okoko, F. (1998) â€Å"The Demand For Para-Transit Transport Services in Nigerian Towns: The case of Motorcycle Transport in Akure. Journal of Transport Studies, Vol.2, No. 1 Olami, O.A. (1979): â€Å"Intra-city Personal Travel in Metropolitan Lagos† Ibadan, NISER, University of Ibadan, Reprinted Series Number.1 11 Sada, P.O. (1970): â€Å"Political Policies and the Development of Transportation in Metropolitan Lagos. Nigerian Geographical Journal Vol. 13, No.2.

What Changes Have Technology Brought

With the use of technology and the Internet, it has made our lives a bit easier. Cell phones and the Internet are by far the most influential. Paying bills, for example, has become easier and convenient because with a simple click of a mouse your bill can be paid. And still even better than that, with the invention of the new Iphone, you can now pay your bills from your phone. Having these new inventions we no longer have to waste time or gas on having to pay our bills. Also research has become much faster with the help of the Internet.We do not have to look through mounds and mounds of books to get information; we can just search for it online and get a whole bunch of information in less than 3 seconds. Businesses have also benefited from technology. Technology is being used to provide valuable information they can use to help make better decisions to run and organize the day to day running of their business. Businesses store records and documentations on their computers. They can a lso order supplies by placing an order through the phone or by using the Internet.Businesses use technology to help produce the product they are selling, use technology to advertise the product and also use technology to ship the product they are selling. Technology is everywhere and it has brought advantages that have impacted everyone in some way shape or form. I think that in ten years technology will continue to expand and improve. There will be easier and faster ways to diagnose and treat cancer. They have just came out with 3D television and I’m sure computers are to follow.I think in 10 years technology will bring a lot of change to education. Today we have the choice of taking online classes but I think that will expand into something like virtual classes. We will be able to get lectured through a computer screen or through any kind of monitor. They have recently started putting GPS tracking devices on students to ensure that they are going to school I think that mayb e that will grow into a facial recognition software that will track your every move. This will further help police officers in catching criminals.More and more into the future I think technology will bring more environmental friendly cars. All cars will eventually run on electricity. I also think that eventually robots will be driving our cars for us. The cars will be able to detect everything from lane markers to stop signs by using satellite imaging. I think that it will be able to deal with children running on the street and pedestrians far better than any humans because the reaction time of a robot will be much more precise. Robots will eventually run everything and they will have a great impact on our lives.

Educational leaders in a globalising world

IntroductionThis study shall analyze and depict the extent to which leading is shared in an educational environment such as a higher educational establishment. It shall place and discourse some concerns and jobs in this country, which consequence pupils, such as myself, go toing such establishments. The treatment will be with mention to a suited literature reappraisal and based on my ain experience.DiscussionLeithwood and Riehl ( 2003 ) highlight that in these times school leaders are being held accountable for how well instructors teach and how much pupils learn. They ask the undermentioned inquiry. How does leading work within a high quality educational establishment? Leithwood and Riehl provide two maps of effectual leading, viz. supplying way and exerting influence. While it is frequently difficult to trap point good leading it is frequently easier to see hapless leading in action. Summarizing the major findings from research on school leading techniques, Leithwood and Riehl list five chief claims. First leading straight influences pupil acquisition, either by assisting to advance vision and ensuring resources and procedures are in topographic point. Second there are other of import leaders apart from instructors and decision makers. School principals have been found to assist instructors embrace ends and work together towards continual betterment. Third identifying and undermentioned leading patterns are important in developing the organisation as a whole. Fourthly, school squad leaders when held accountable to orientated school policies respond more fruitfully. Finally school staff respond fruitfully to educating diverse groups of pupils. Their study finds that school leading is most successful when it is focused oninstruction and acquisition. Problems may happen if leading maps are distributed across many informal functions in a school. Responsibility should be coordinated and clear about who takes duty and for what. From a pupil position this is besides really of import since as pupils we need to cognize who to turn to for equal learning support and if there is a job who to turn to. Bottery ( 2006 ) argues that a globalising universe is now the context within which educational leaders need to border their work proposing that an apprehension of the planetary nature of policy issues, and of their impact upon educational work, needs to be incorporated into a re construct of school functions and duties. Economic, political, demographic, cultural, technological, American, lingual and environmental globalisation factors are all countries that need to be considered for effectual educational leading. Gale and Densmore ( 2003 ) identify parametric quantities for how educational leaders might react to the economic and societal conditions presently being experienced. One chief concern for educational leaders at the minute is that instructor groups often do non hold the power to make up one's mind what the budget of their establishment will be. They may merely apportion the financess that are assigned to them from higher direction, and merely so as the last measure in the procedure. As pupils we are frequently frustrated by this every bit frequently we and our immediate educational instructor and or leader are frequently in the best place to see where financess would straight and most usefully better our larning experience. Hence leading as a shared squad frequently brings penetration at assorted degrees that upper direction may non hold the grasp of. Timperley ( 2005 ) besides agrees that the thought of leading should be distributed across multiple people and state of affairss. This proves to be the most utile model for understanding the worlds of schools and how they might be improved. This alternate involves believing of leading in footings of activities and interactions that are distributed across multiple people and state of affairss. He besides notes that leading has ever been distributed within good organisations. Lambert ( 2002 ) recommends that leading capacity among all members of the school community should be encouraged instead that merely looking to the principal entirely for instructional leading. Leadership is the professional work of everyone in the school. Out of that changed civilization will originate a new vision of professional pattern associating taking and larning. Burford ( 2001 ) wants us to see leading as truly a challenge to make and keep, ethical, reliable relevant and joyful relationships within a acquisition community. Education should non be seen as a concern. Burford challenges current leaders to be â€Å" ethically fit † leaders, committed bonders and theoretical accounts of beliefs and values for kids in a context that is about tolerance, understanding and joy. As our current intelligence is dominated by wars, such as those in Iraq and Afganistan, we need it now more than any clip in the last 20 old ages if we are to be true to our vision of a better universe for our kids and their communities. As a pupil we do look up to our educational leaders so this accomplishment is indispensable in harbouring an effectual and actuating larning environment. West-Burnham ( 2004 ) argues that our current thought about leading development is excessively to a great extent focused on the calling of the person. Leadership needs to set greater accent on constructions, procedures and relationships from a more corporate capacity. In add-on he highlights that trust is the â€Å"social glue† of organisational life and that frequently organizations that are high on the trust list tend to surpass other schools that are non. This alteration nevertheless may necessitate to come from the initial leader concerned, which shall in the terminal benefit both the leader and the administration. As a pupil we frequently see educational leaders constrained by their instruction duties where the instruction falls 2nd topographic point to their research activities. In this respect greater clip for both activities should be managed so that the leader concerned can stand out in both countries. From surveies in Australia, Gurr, Lawrie and Mulford ( 2006 ) showed important parts from principals in the countries of capacity edifice and instruction and acquisition. They farther concluded that principals remain an of import and important figure in finding the success of a school. The importance of the principals ‘ values and beliefs as a subject is found in both surveies, as is their of import parts in the countries of capacity edifice and instruction and acquisition. In footings of mentoring and teaming, Drago-Severson and Pinto ( 2006 ) conclude that a school ‘s human resources and puting more grownups in the schoolroom, supply chances for instructor acquisition by cut downing isolation and edifice a more collegial environment. Cranston & A ; Ehrich ( 2004 ) look into the effectivity of Senior Management squads within the direction of Australian schools. They find that the direction squads can offers educational leaders a tool by which they can reply how effectual a squad is and besides how might it be made more effectual. They besides facilitate the development of constructive schemes to better those facets of the squads deemed, by the squad, to be necessitating attending. Duignan and Bezzina ( 2006 ) highlight that the more instructors know and the more skilled they are in learning, the more successful schools will be in progressing acquisition. Whether instructors will cognize more and go more skilled, he suggested, depends on the support they get from policies and context. They point out that in many topographic points, instruction is undervalued, and the conditions for back uping instructors are developing. This state of affairs has effects for the life calling of instructors and schools. Foster ( 2005 ) investigates the ways school betterments, intending the sweetening of pupil acquisition, is generated by principals and other school members. The findings are that competent administrative and teacher leading contribute to school success. In add-on leading is found to be a shared societal influence procedure. As a pupil myself we frequently feel excluded from taking in the school betterment. By giving us pupils greater input in our acquisition waies frequently greater larning efficiency can be achieved. Slater ( 2005 ) draws on the consequences of a larger qualitative, self-contained focal point group study that identified effectual behaviours for school principals to join forces successfully. He asks what are the ways in which the principal influences coaction? Collaboration has the potency to better pupil results and to back up school-wide determination devising. The collaborative behavior of principals in the survey by Slater have been shown to be linked to the affectional sphere. Hence a challenge for principals who wish to work in collaborative ways involves recognizing, apprehension, and pull offing the emotional facets of the collaborative procedure. In add-on Slater points out that more educational leaders must larn to pull off emotionally every bit good as rationally.DecisionMost surveies on educational leading agree that while holding strong leaders, such as a principal is indispensable to the efficient running of an educational school, the leading is most effectual when d istributed across multiple leaders and shared. While a strong direction squad can supply indispensable support for ever inquiring how the school may be made more effectual, a stronger and more effectual learning experience can ensue if the leading is shared down the line, nevertheless the duty for these functions should be good defined within the organisation. In add-on educational establishments should non be seen as a concern and school leading is most successful when it is focused on instruction and acquisition.MentionsBottery, M. ( 2006 ) . Educational leaders in a globalising universe: a new set of precedences? School Leadership & A ; Management, 26 ( 1 ) :5-22 Burford, C. ( 2001 ) . Future Catholic School Leadership: The Search For Joy and Justice. Presentation: Twin Towers Services Club, Coolangatta 2 Cranston, N. & A ; Ehrich, L. ( 2004 ) Leading with, and through, effectual squads, Rehearsing Administrator, 26 ( 4 ) :24-27. Duignan, P. , Bezzina, M. ( 2006 ) . Constructing a capacity for shared leading in schools – Teachers as leaders of educational alteration. Retrieved on 24th August 2009 fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www.uow.edu.au/educ/research/CEL/conferenceproceedings/2006/DUIGNAN % 20P % 20Paper % 2006.pdf Drago-Severson, E. Pinto, K, C. ( 2006 ) . School leading for cut downing teacher isolation: Drawing from the well of human resources. : International Journal of Leadership in Education, 9 ( 2 ) :129-155 Foster, R. ( 2005 ) Leadership and secondary school betterment: instance surveies of tensenesss and possibilities, International Journal of Leadership in Education, 8 ( 1 ) :35-52 Gale, T. , Densmore, K. ( 2003 ) . Democratic educational leading in modern-day times Journal of Leadership in Education, 6 ( 2 ) :119-136 Gurr, D. , Lawrie, D. , Mulford, B. ( 2006 ) . Models of successful chief leading Journal of Leadership & A ; Management, 26 ( 4 ) :371-395 Slater, L. ( 2005 ) . Leadership for coaction: An affectional procedure. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 8 ( 4 ) :321-333 Timperley, H, S. ( 2005 ) . Distributed leading: developing theory from pattern. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 37 ( 4 ) :395-420 Lambert, L. ( 2002 ) . A Model for Shared Leadership. Educational Leadership, 59 ( 8 ) :37-40 Leithwood, K. , Riehl, C. , ( 2003 ) . What We Know about Successful School Leadership. Retrieved on 24th August 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncsl.org.uk/media/F7B/98/randd-leithwood-successful-leadership.pdf West-Burnham, J. ( 2004 ) . Constructing leading capacity: Helping leaders learn. National College for School Leadership. England: NCSL. Retrieved on 24th August 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.educationalleaders.govt.nz/Leading-change/Strategic-leadership/Building-Leadership-Capacity-Helping-Leaders-Learn

Napoleon1 essays

Napoleon1 essays Turning Point Title: Napoleons Retreat from Moscow Place and Date of Event: June 22 1812 Napoleon and the Grande Arme invade Russia. December 18 1812 what is left of the Grande Arme make it back to Napoleon: Emperor of France who lead the French Arme and its allies into Barclay de Tolly: Commanded 127,000 Russian troops at the start of the Marshal Kutusov: Russian commander who replaced Barclay in mid August. Prince Bagration: Commanded 43,000 Russian troops during invasion. Wairy Louis Constant: Napoleons valet, who wrote down what he saw and Description of the Event: Napoleon took 500,000 infantry, 100,000 cavalry, and 1,400 field and siege guns for the troops on his invasion of Russia. He went up against Barclays and Bagrations troops. Napoleons strategy was to over power the Russians and drive them back as far as possible. June 24 French cross Niemen River at Kovno and Grodna and push Barclay back. Four days French capture Vilna and stayed there till July 16. Big mistake because this allowed Russians to unite forces at Smolenskby on August 1. Two weeks later Russians attack. Russians come away from battle in good shape, but the French come away in awful condition. Many troops are ill with different diseases and battle wounds. Russians replace Barclay with Kutusov. French keep trying to push forward. Another big mistake, they should have waited for winter to clear and attacked in the spring. Invade all the way to Moscow. When they get there Russians all ready burnt it to the ground so French have no shelter to stay in. Napoleon stay at Moscow for 6 weeks. Then the retreat begins. The French soldiers getting sick of war and kind of turn into a big crowd of men. Then the Russians attack them when they are so unorganized. End of November French able to reach Beresina River. All bridges out ...

The Scarlet Ibis Essays

The Scarlet Ibis Essays The Scarlet Ibis Paper The Scarlet Ibis Paper Who is Your Something? If you think back to your earliest memories, who do you recall being your main caregiver? Most people would remember a feminine figure, whether it be your mother, grandmother or another female relative. Commonly, females take responsibility over young children. In some cases though, a male in the family will take over this nurturing position, much like in The Scarlet Ibis by James Hurst, in which a young boy decides to help his disabled brother learn to walk. In the text, the reader discovers that males are able to take accessibility for a kid when a female chooses not to and leave the child the same as if a woman were to raise it. William Armstrong, more casually known as Doodle, was born very weak and was subsequently abandoned by his parents, especially his mother. After he was born, his aunt was convinced that he would live, however the first few years of his life were spent lying in a bed with minimal social interaction. Doodle ;s mother did not stimulate him and help him develop like she did with her other son because she had no hope for him. In her mind he was destined to live a life of solitude in a vegetative state. Only an impeccably well timed peek by his brother rescued Doodle from his prison. According to his brother, It seemed so hopeless that its a miracle I didnt give up. But all of us must have something to be proud of, and Doodle had become my something. Over the course of his time with Doodle, Brother filled a crucial hole. He not only took over the role of Mother, but he was also Doodle ;s first teacher and role model. With the constant, take Doodle with you, he plopped into a nurturing and encouraging force, all the while maintaining a healthy sibling rivalry. Some may say that because of the lack of a feminine figure Brother was forced to compensate and provide for his sibling. The true reason the mother neglected to provide for her son is not clear in the text. It could be that because he was sure to die young, she did not want to attach herself to him. In the beginning of the story when Doodle was very sick, he was constantly compared to other things such as a worn out doll and a half-empty flour sack. The family looked at him as though he was inanimate; therefore it would be much easier to let him go, as opposed to someone they had had an emotional connection with. The thought of losing a child was too much for Doodle s mother to bear, and consequently she subconsciously chose to treat him as if he were not a child at all, resulting in Brother having to repair the shattered pieces of Doodle s early life. Even though the brother took full responsibility for Doodle, he was not always selfless. We can infer that the mother was not completely involved in his bringing either, despite his lack of disability. By allowing him to go off on his own, his mother was avoiding spending time and making important memories with him. Through Doodle, the brother was attempting to earn some recognition. In his mind, he taught Doodle to walk and he should get credit for it. Going back to the line But all of us must have something to be proud of, and Doodle had become my something, opens a new door into the brother ;s way of thinking. He was hoping to become his mother ;s something by giving back the child she never truly got to have. The brother was the only one who had hope in Doodle, most likely because he didnt truly understand the circumstances of Doodle ; s birth. He wanted so desperately for his little brother to be like every other boy. He pushed himself and Doodle to succeed while his parents were distracted with trying to forget their second son. Think back to your earliest memory. Just because someone that took care of you was female, doesnt mean they acted as a feminine figure in your upbringing. Because the mother neglected to have hope in Doodle, Brother eve him a new lease on life and acted as his mother figure. No matter your gender We all have a need, whether we are aware of it or not, to care and nurture for young children. While Brother thought he took over because of personal pride, the reality was that his internal instincts were kicking in. We all feel like we must have a something. When all others have lost hope there will be another person to take over to ensure our species survival by raising the new generation. We all feel like we must have a something to care for.

Paragraph Task Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paragraph Task - Essay Example Junk food is very high in cholesterol, fats, and carbohydrates. â€Å"It probably comes with no surprise that larger portion sizes are associated with higher caloric intake† (Rossen and Rossen, 2012, p. 65). Body converts the excessive sugar into fat. The more the sugar intake, the more the fat stored. The second major cause of obesity is lack of physical activity. Many people today are living a sedentary lifestyle and use vehicles for traveling. Likewise, people keep servants at home rather than doing the domestic works themselves. The third main cause of obesity is lack of education. Advertisements convey information in such a complicated manner that common man cannot understand the nutritional value of the product. In addition to that, there is a lot of conflicting information about the food items, which leaves people puzzled. Obesity has many negative implications both on the individuals and the society at large. Overfeeding children grow up into overeating adults. They ca nnot do exercise. Obesity lowers self-esteem, thus causing people to seek refuge in comfort eating. Obesity causes many medical complications including heart problems, and diabetes. Most of the factors are both causes and effects of obesity. Furthermore, obesity makes people lazy. In the past, being fat was considered a sign of prosperity, but today people have to bear its cost. Avoid obesity requires a complete change in the lifestyle. People need to combine good common-sense eating with more activity. People should adopt healthy living earlier to avoid the consequences of obesity later in life. Reflection Topic Sentence I started my new paragraph with a topic sentence. While choosing and organizing the words to make my topic sentence, I had three factors in my mind; length, indication, and appeal. Firstly, I wanted to keep my topic sentence concise because wordy topic sentences are misleading and confusing whereas I wanted my topic sentence to be very to the point. Secondly, I wan ted to select such a topic sentence that would indicate what claim or argument is made in the paragraph following it. Thirdly, I wanted my topic sentence to reflect the appeal or tone of the whole paragraph so that the readers know it upfront. These three factors when considered while making the topic sentence help the readers know what to expect in the paragraph. Tenses Tenses indicate the gravity of an issue. For example, in my supporting sentences, I made used of both past and present continuous tenses to emphasize that obesity has been a health risk to the society in the past and has not subsided yet, but is rather growing in rate and effects. Most of the supporting sentences are written in present tense because the effects of obesity have always been as mentioned, are, and will continue to be as such. Grammar Appropriate selection of adjectives, comparatives, and transitive words help the writer incorporate expression in the text. In my paragraph, I used adjectives before nouns like â€Å"greasy† burgers and â€Å"fizzy† soft-drinks to reflect their images in the readers’ minds while they read, along with the feel they get while consuming them, so that they can relate to what they read. I emphasized on the gravity of consequences of obesity by using such comparatives as â€Å"more† and â€Å"very†. I reflected different phases of time in the sentences by making use of such comparatives as â€Å"earlier† and â€Å"later†. I linked the sentences to one another by using such transitive words as

SEMESTER AT SEA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SEMESTER AT SEA - Research Paper Example Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Target Market 5 SAS Education Program & Students of Sydney University 5 Market Potential 6 Regular & Mid Year Application Students 6 Advantages of SAS programs & its effectiveness 6 Specific Advantages to the students of Sydney University 7 Challenges in introducing the SAS program in Sydney University 8 Recommendations 9 Conclusion 9 Introduction Semester at Sea (SAS) is study based program which had originated in the year 1963 and is managed by Institute of Shipboard Education which is headquartered in Virginia (SAS, 2013f). The main objective of the study is to attract students from universities of varied nations and disseminate information related to humanities and other subjects. The main attraction of the SAS program is that it is a floating university which means that the courses are provided to the student while they are at sea and the teaching program stops while the students are at port (SAS, 2013g). The institute believe s in providing informal and formal education to the students in a non-traditional format to attract their attention and make studies an enjoyable program. Sydney University (SU) is one of the leading universities of Australia and is located at Darlington at the outskirts of Sydney CBD. The university is renowned for its well designed courses and the flexibility of the course timings. However, the marketing director had reviewed the current academic course and was able to locate those certain elements in the humanities, social sciences, and environment. The marketing assistant believed that teaching guidance from external faculties would only enhance the developmental skills and the knowledge of the students of SU. The SAS teaching program are designed in such a way that not only will it help in imparting theoretical but also practical knowledge. It would also enhance the interpersonal and soft skills of the students which would pave their path of success. The marketing assistant wil l revaluate the current academic courses offered by SU and then assess the needs and requirements of the students studying humanities, social sciences, and environment courses for their betterment. Target Market SAS Education Program & Students of Sydney University SAS offers 75 courses related to varied disciplines including agriculture, shipping, environment etc. The courses are usually 100 day program which is mainly targeted for undergraduates and graduates travelling from North America to East or West Atlantic. The ship travel across 8 to 11 countries in Western Africa, Europe, South America and North America and offers a wide range of course related to various subjects. One can register for the summer, spring and fall course through online and offline methods. The summer programs are further designed and broken into short and long term courses which signify that flexibility of the courses is of utmost importance to the SAS program designers. The SAS programs are designed in su ch a way that it helps in filling the gaps of the courses and syllabuses designed by the regular colleges and universities. The students of SU studying humanities, social sciences and environment would be benefited by the courses because the existing syllabus at SU does not offer variation or any innovative topic has not been introduced in the current