The Outcome Of Two Major Railroad Strikes - 1164 Words

Identify and describe the outcome of two major Railroad Strikes. The two major Railroad Strikes were the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and Railroad Shop workers Strike of 1922. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, was due to workers not being happy about the pay cuts that were being made by their employer so often. Northern Railroads began cutting salaries and wages. Because of various railroads cutting wages by 10% back to back, workers were not willing to continue working under those conditions. Not only were the wages of the workers being cut, the amount work of work given to the employees increased and the employer did not hire additional workers. This then caused railroad employees to respond by taking control of the rail yard switches, and blocking movement of trains. Throughout various cities such as Baltimore, Pittsburg, St. Louise, and Chicago, Violent acts began to occur. Many people died throughout the cities. The strike cause the country’s commerce to become paralyzed and pushed governors in different states to utilize militia mem bers to reopen rail traffic. This action also helped set the stage for violence that would occur later in the 1880s and 1890s. The Railroad Shop Workers Strike of 1922 affected everyone in the country. This strike occurred because of the pay cut of seven cents to the wages of the railroad workers. Approximately 400,000 rail shop workers from various unions were on strike because the cut was announced by the railroad labor board. WhenShow MoreRelatedOutcome Of Two Major Railroad Strikes1250 Words   |  5 Pages1. Identify and describe the outcome of two major Railroad Strikes. The two major Railroad Strikes were the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and Railroad Shop workers Strike of 1922. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, was due to workers not being happy about the pay cuts that were being made by their employer so often. Northern Railroads began cutting salaries and wages. Because of various railroads cutting wages by 10% back to back, workers were not willing to continue working under those conditionsRead MoreAristotle s Virtue Ethics And Kant s Ethics Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pageswhich is the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative has two components: (1) universalizability and (2) treat others as ends in themselves (CITE). Kant’s ideology takes into consideration that all humans are rational beings and should be treated as such, but cannot be used as a means to an end (CITE). Imagine this scenario, there are two interchangeable railroad tracks integrated with a main railroad. The two railroad tracks together make a Y-intersection with the main railway, but onlyRead MoreThe Gilded Age Of The Nineteenth Century And The Succeeding Period887 Words   |  4 PagesTwo prominent eras of American History were the Gilded Age at the end of the nineteenth century and the succeeding period, the Progressive Era. The Gilded Age, also know as the Second Industrial Revolution, was a peak of high economic development with the rise of technological advancements in a free market environment, meaning that the economy was driven by self-interest instead of government authority. Besides its economic growth, the Gilded Age handle changes in social divisions. After the abolishmentRead MoreThe Duty Of The Man Of Wealth1663 Words   |  7 PagesHistory 82 24 Sept 2015 The Duty of the Man of Wealth: Two Perspectives on Men of Wealth I. Introduction A. Andrew Carnegie and Working People B. Perspective on Wealth and Living C. Gilded Age D. Thesis: The Gilded Age exchange between Andrew Carnegie and working people’s clarifies wealthy people condescending approach toward workers and their response. II. Major Responsibilities of Wealthy People A. Modest Living B. Social and Cultural Role ModelsRead MoreThe Man Of Wealth1622 Words   |  7 PagesHistory 82 24 Sept 2015 The Duty of the Man of Wealth: Two Perspectives on Men of Wealth I. Introduction A. Andrew Carnegie and Working People B. Perspective on Wealth and Living C. Gilded Age D. Thesis: The Gilded Age exchange between Andrew Carnegie and working people’s clarifies wealthy people condescending approach toward workers and their response. II. Major Responsibilities of Wealthy People A. Modest Living B. Social and Cultural Role ModelsRead MoreThe Importance Of Autocratic And Transformational Leadership Styles1736 Words   |  7 PagesPennsylvania railroad; the beginning of his business education. During his work at the railroad, Carnegie became informed in the railroad s techniques of crony capitalism Carnegie began investing in the railroad s iron and bridge suppliers, and then granting them ideal contracts in secret (Nasaw. D, 2007). Crony Capitalism is defined as a capitalist society as being based on the close relationships between businessmen and the state (Investopedia online). As an employee in the railroad industry,Read MoreThe Battle Of Bull Run1514 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst major battle of the Civil War. The Confederate reinforcements had time to arrive by railroad because the Union s forces were slow positioning themselves. Even though the Union and Confederate sides had about 18,000 troops in their first battle, they were not trained and they were led poorly. Th e outcome of this battle was a Confederate victory. The Union forces suffered a disorganized retreat of their troops. Union troops marched from the Federal capital in Washington, D.C. to strike a ConfederateRead MoreChapter 23-25 Notes for Ap Us History6413 Words   |  26 Pageshaving peace. The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour. Grant won the election of 1868. The Era of Good Stealings Jim Fisk and Jay Gould devised a plot to drastically raise the price of the gold market in 1869. On Black Friday, September 24, 1869, the two bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit. In order to lower the high price of gold, the Treasury was forced to sell gold from its reserves. Boss Tweed employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk New York of asRead MoreCompare Theodore Roosevelts Square Deal with Woodrow Wilsons New Freedom. Who was more of a progressive?1872 Words   |  8 Pagesof a progressive than Wilson was. As a governor and the first president of the era, Roosevelt set a terrific example of what a president of this time should do. Progressing from bad, and implementing various reforms to do so defined the era. These two programs are comparable in the areas of antitrust, tariff, and labor reform. Though Wilson seemed to have many more acts in each category, mostly economic), he only acknowledged these few areas, unlike Roosevelt who acknowledged a whole array of areasRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1140 Words   |  5 PagesNative Americans because of the texture of their hair. The Buffalo Soldiers lead a successful and effective military campaign, according to famous abolitionist Frederick Douglass â€Å"One black regi ment alone would be, in such a war, the full equal of two white ones.† Buffalo Soldiers were highly important in securing many battle victories throughout many different wars. One successful battle that the Buffalo Soldiers fought in was the Battle of Port Hudson. Port Hudson was one of the last remaining

Professional Business Communications for Budget - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProfessional Business Communications for Budget. Answer: Introduction Australias budget shortfalls will be getting widened in the coming four years, as per the Mid-Year Economic as well as Financial Outlook of the government. The primary deficit regarding cash in the present financial year that will end on June 30, 2017 is considered being at A$36.5 billion or 2.1 percent of GDP, which is less than the originally predicted A$37.1 billion or 2.2% in regard to gross domestic product. Critical Analysis of Australias 2016-17 Budget Deficit The worlds 12th largest economy is having the strong possibility of returning to an excess in budget by the 2020-2021 financial year, as per the prediction made in June. Australias budget shortfalls will be getting widened in the coming four years, as per the Mid-Year Economic as well as Financial Outlook of the government. The primary deficit regarding cash in the present financial year that will end on June 30, 2017 is considered being at A$36.5 billion or 2.1 percent of GDP, which is less than the originally predicted A$37.1 billion or 2.2% in regard to gross domestic product. In the coming financial year, 2017-18, there is the expectation of the shortfall at A$28.7 billion that is more than the earlier figure of A$26.1 billion or 1.4 percent of GDP (Stillwell, 2016). Certain number of continued deficits led many in believing the fact that the country was on the verge to lose its valued AAA sovereign. However, it was stated that the update regarding budget wont be influencing the rating of the country. There is the requirement for Turnbulls conservative government to do the unveiling of new policy changes for preventing a downgrade (Makin, 2016). The current budget is setting out the economic plan of the Government for ensuring that Australia will be continuing with the successful shift from the boom regarding the investment in mining to an increasingly effective, more varied, new economical aspect in three major manners. These are, Adhering to the plan of the Government in respect of jobs as well development via a Ten Year Enterprise Tax Plan, which will be boosting the recent investment, creating as well as supporting jobs. Also, increasing real wages that will begin with tax cuts regarding small as well as medium-sized companies. This will permanently do the increasing of the economys size by only 1 percent later. (Daley, 2016). Fixing crisis situations within the tax system for enabling us to do the covering in a sustainable manner the responsibilities of the Government regarding the next generation through the avoidance of taxes, particularly by multinational establishments. This is ensuring all individuals is paying the tax they regarding what they are earning in Australia (Brenton, 2016). To ensure that the Government is living within its resources for balancing the budget as well as reducing the burden regarding long-term debt that continues towards keeping the growth regarding spending of government within control as well as ensuring that the spending is efficient, effective as well as focused. Conclusion To conclude it needs to be stated that the current budget is setting out the economic plan of the Government for ensuring that Australia will be continuing with the successful conversion from the boom in investment regarding mining regarding increasingly effective, more varied, new economical aspect in 3 major manners. Therefore, there is the requirement for Turnbulls conservative government to do the unveiling of new policy changes for preventing a downgrade. Reference Brenton, Scott, and Jon Pierre. "Budget surplus goal experiments in Australia and Sweden."New Political Economy(2016): 1-16. Daley, J., Wood, D. (2016). Fiscal Challenges for Australia: The Next Decade and Beyond.Asia the Pacific Policy Studies,3(3), 475-494. Makin, A. J., Pearce, J. (2016). Fiscal Consolidation and Australia's Public Debt.Australian Journal of Public Administration,75(4), 424-440. Stilwell, F. (2016). Taxing times in Australian capitalism.Australian Socialist,22(1), 2.

Homer- The Greek Poet Essay Example

Homer- The Greek Poet Essay Homer is an indefinite figure of mystery, a halo in a dark shadow.Homer was a Greek poet, accredited with writing The Illiad, The Odyssey, and a few other works of literature.His epic poems were broken down into books to make easier to memorize, since he would recite the whole poem in one day, with no breaks. Homer definitely has an unclear past, he also may not have actually wrote both The Illiad and The Odyssey, and he interlaced several Greek gods into his story, helping us understand what the Greeks of ancient times were like. There is a certain lack of information on Homer.Most likely, he was live around 720 B.C., and he was a blind bard.A bard is a person who recites poems in public, which he wrote by himself, some of these are long in length, and called epics.The Illiad and The Odyssey are both epics that are accredited to Homer.All of this still may not be true.Many people claim that Homer couldnt have been one person, some think that it would be impossible to cover all of t hese events depicted in his books in a normal mans lifespan. Still, there is no hard proof to prove that Homer didnt write these two epics, but theres also no solid proof that he did.On one hand, until the publication of Prolegomena ad Homerum, there probably were only about ten people in the entire world that ever doubted the existence of Homer. The Greeks and the Romans were convinced that Homer was a single man and that he wrote the works that bear his name. The Greeks even studied the Iliad and the Odyssey in their schools as early as 400 BC and regarded the works as masterpieces of the Greek language.Just because of this, though, doesnt mean that its not possible for Homer to be several men; Today many critics, including most of the ones who insist that Homer was one man, seem convinced that the original Odyssey ended in book XXIII, line 269. Then the many Homers theorists argue that if the

5 Ways to Become a Great Composer of Your Own Music Essay Full Guide on How to Write a Music Essay

5 Ways to Become a Great Composer of Your Own Music Essay Full Guide on How to Write a Music Essay Just one look around and it is possible to conclude that most people are big fans of music. More and more people tend to wear headphones – they listen to music everywhere on their iPods or phones. A lot of street musicians appear in the central squares – they just play music for pleasure. Besides, there are those who create all the sounds of music and songs that we hear every day. No matter what you like doing with music, now you’ll be informed about the art of composing a music essay. Indeed, the music composing process is similar to the writing process both are personal and creative. For example, Mozart composed the entire pieces of music in his head, then writing it down. Beethoven struggled with an idea for years to realize the full form of the music. In this article, you’ll know all specifics to become a great composer of your own music essay. The Right Choice of Topics Is a Key Success Factor in Writing No paper can be written without the main topic mentioned in the title. Yes, your subject is Music. Thus, it is a general topic. However, you may be assigned to a topic, or have to invent your own one. When a Topic Is/Isn’t Assigned, You Should: Think about the type of paper you are expected to produce. Different types of paper writing entail different objectives either to describe, analyze or compare. Therefore, it should be reflected in your topic. Evaluate a topic according to your own, and academic interest. Your personal interest lies in the concern with a topic as a researcher. As for the academic interest, a topic is meant to be original, valuable and productive. Make sure your topic is fairly specific. According to the objectives you need to pursue while writing, you should choose a narrower topic to discuss. When a Topic Is Too General, Apply the Following List of Specific Topics Music Around Us: The Natural Instruments for Creating Music; The Development of Music Within the Development of Civilizations; Our Daily Involvement with Music: A Variety of Effects; Does Music Without Words Convey the Message? Is Music as a Cure for Health Problems Effective? The Connection Between Music and Emotions: Obvious or Tenuous?; What Types of Mood Can Be Created by Music? Can’t decide whether a topic would be appropriate for your essay? Consider each topic separately: How do you feel about a topic? Are you particularly interested in a topic? How many ideas do you have about a topic? 5 Pre-Writing Tips that Are Helpful in Getting Started on an Essay Whenever you’re assigned with a written task, it doesn’t mean only the writing process itself. You need to do a lot of preliminary work. The amount of time needed for it varies according to your possibilities and deadlines. However, it would be much better if you could: Be focused on thinking about what and how you want to write your paper on. There are many ways of how you can come up with brilliant ideas for your essay. Hit upon the Berkeley Student Learning Center to know the effective prewriting techniques. Find out what sources are acceptable in your writing project. Find Wikipedia a good starting point for investigating a topic? Keep in mind that many educators dont let cite the Wikipedia articles. It is better to search for more authoritative sources among which you’ll face primary and secondary ones. Go through the list of main source types at Santiago Canyon College. Do extensive research on a topic. Usually, the research process determines the quality of essays if you don’t intend to conduct adequate research, be prepared that your essay will show the lack of quality. Analyze well-written essays on a topic. Luckily, you have direct access to sources where you can find useful papers after looking at which you can grasp the idea of writing your own one. Notice what makes them work arguments, evidence, a clear and logic statement, etc. Organize your thoughts in a logical way. After many creative ideas enter your head, you should put them on paper. There are 2 ways of doing it an outline or diagram. Following all these steps will allow you to prepare fully for the writing process. But if you can’t find a source of inspiration for writing, listen to 44 perfect songs that can inspire you to create a real masterpiece. It’s Time to Write a Music Essay: Follow 5 Steps to Do Perfectly No matter what aims of writing you pursue, stick to the basic essay structure. According to the Writing Center at Harvard University, you should carry out several operations in an essay: introduce an argument; analyze the background data; raise counterarguments; conclude. Let’s focus on each of these steps in details. If you skip on any crucial stage, you may rely on lower marks. 1. Give a Compelling Essay Title Want to make people read your essay? According to the article â€Å"How to Write Magnetic Headlines†, on average, 8 out of 10 people read titles rather than read the content itself. Your instructor has to read both the title and text. But capture his/her attention straightaway. You’re given 2 titles. What will you choose to read? The Effect of Rock Music on Human Beings; Rock Music Seizes Young Minds: What Will It Bring? Either way, we provide a brief analysis of both titles so that you will realize the essential details in creating a title for your essays. If you look at the first one, there is just a statement of the main topic. In this case, we understand that a writer will simply state the effects of rock music on people. As a result, nothing useful is mentioned in the title. From this perspective, the second title is more winning as it contains the main point of view concerning rock music that will be presented in an essay. Moreover, it has a question that will attract the readers as well they will start casually answering it, then want to read to know what opinion a writer has. 2. Compose a Thesis Statement It can seem that there is nothing simple than to write a sentence that will tell your readers about the topic you’ve chosen. However, be careful with it as you need to take into consideration two parts a topic and the angle from which you’re going to cover it. You see that the first part consists of keywords rock music, young people and influence. In the second part, there is a list of three main ideas that will be discussed. Once a thesis statement is formulated, you are ready to continue. 3. Work on an Introduction After a reader passes through the title, the next point to which he/she pays attention is the introductory part. It takes no more than 3-5 sentences for short essays, and no more than 1 page for long papers. Here, your task is to hook the reader as well. It isn’t an appropriate way to write ‘This essay will present the issue concerning †¦ .’, or ‘I’m going to write about †¦ .’ Consider what can be a good attention grabber. For example, you can use: startling true statements that will explicitly demonstrate your point of view. It should be the pertinent information with the further explanation. For example, it can be the statistic about how often people listen to music or the most popular means of listening to music. a quote that could illustrate a point. There are surely many thinkers who said something special about music. Look for the most interesting one that would be relevant to your essay topic. Mind all the peculiarities about the citation formatting (in APA, MLA or Harvard). an amusing anecdote. It works effectively as a hook with less formal writing styles or personal essays. an impressive example. If you write an essay about a famous musician, you can add one of his/her personal habits. Choose the strangest one or less known to impress your readers. the summarized data. Find nothing eye-catching about a topic? There is no problem. Provide just the general terms becoming more specific closer to a thesis statement. 4. Write the Main Part of Your Essay Finally, the topic you have chosen can be explained in detail, described vividly, or argued strongly. Remember the objectives are determined by the type of paper you’re going to write, on which you must have decided earlier before writing the body. Look at the outline or diagram you’ve definitely created, only then start writing. If there are 3 or 4 main ideas, you will have to write 3 or 4 body paragraphs with a topic sentence at the beginning of each paragraph. 5. Conclude Correctly The concluding paragraph is a part where you need to provide the final perspective on your topic. Don’t invent anything new at the end of your essay. Just summarize within 3-4 sentences of what you’ve mentioned previously in the introduction and body. Draw your readers to a natural, logical conclusion. The Writing Process Must Go on: Final 3 Steps as Explained by Our Expert Writers Writing the final sentences, many students breathe out because they think the main goal to write an essay is achieved. Is it so actually? Many experienced essay writers will say you, ‘It is not correct to finish writing after a full point is put!’ Besides the coherent structure, in-depth analysis, there is one more point essential for writing a successful essay. 1. Revise Your Paper Accordingly The revision involves several steps that are quite important if you want to meet the high standards of writing. What does it mean ‘high standards of writing’? Check the consistency of language. Most academic subjects require writers to maintain the fixed standard of writing a formal vocabulary, use of references, impersonal style, long and complex sentences. With academic writing, you have to learn special conventions. For example, the idiomatic language isn’t appropriate for an academic paper. It means that you need to use the verb ‘continue’ instead of ‘go on. So, revise your essay to make it polished. Review the instructions for an assignment. Different schools and departments require students to follow different formats for a written work (APA, MLA, Harvard, etc.) Moreover, you can be required to use particular works or types of information. Have written 1925 words but need exactly 1650? It is better to reduce the size as required. Make sure that you follow all the guidelines given by your instructor on how to write a music essay. 2. Proofread Your Essay Carefully Get rid of errors. Double-check your essay to correct some mistakes related to grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Different typographical errors can be observed in works written even by experienced writers. For example, the most frequently occurring mistakes concern pronouns most write occasionally ‘its’ instead of ‘it is’ or ‘than’ instead of ‘then’, etc. Besides, the subject and verb of each sentence should agree. These are the tiniest mistakes. However, sometimes they can cost much. Look at the most expensive typo of all time. Don’t let them happen in your academic papers. 3. Rewrite a Draft into the Final Good Essay Write the final improved paper. After you finish the editing process, you’re highly recommended to rewrite. Only the repetitive process of writing can lead you to great results. Sometimes, it can happen to you when there is a lack of time to pass through all these stages as needed. So, if you are used to facing such problems with written tasks, don’t worry. Our qualified academic writers are at your service 24/7.

The role of the UN during the could war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The role of the UN during the could war - Essay Example mandate it was bestowed, Krasno (4) argues that the United States Charter allocated more power to five major states, which were further given veto powers and permanent representation in what was known as the upper chamber where exclusive jurisdiction were taken into consideration. Additionally, there were six nonpermanent members who later increased to ten. As such, the charter principle of sovereign equality expected all members to abstain in their international relations from threat or forceful use against territorial integrity or any state political independence. Thus, the United Nations issued the Security Council with the responsibility of ensuring that peace and security was maintained internationally (Krasno 5). Importantly, the United Nations first role during the Cold war happened in Korea when the Korean peninsula was divided through the occupation of the Soviet occupied territory in the Northern part while the Southern part was taken over by the United States. According to Sachleben (36) the state of unrest was thought to be between Communist and non communist states, and as such the United Nations was compelled to provide international legitimacy to the United States reaction on Korean peninsula although president Truman was determined to counter the threat until 1953 when the peace was finally restored. Similarly, the United Nations was engaged in the role of ensuring that Soviet Union was not involved in the unrest in Congo after the killing of the Secretary- General Dag Hammarskjold through a plane crash. During this unrest, there was conflict between the western powers and the then President Kasavubu who was supported by the United Nations through their peace keeping mandate (Downs 14). It is worth noting that the unrest in Korea and Congo were perfect examples of how the anticipated roles of the United Nations were influenced by the East- West divisions. As such, critics have argued that it is highly likely that the United

How does Montaigne use Rowland Barthe's ideas in on Cannibals Essay

How does Montaigne use Rowland Barthe's ideas in on Cannibals - Essay Example This is something that existed in the Middle Ages with English Empiricism, French Rationalism and the personal faith of the Reformation. In contrast to the positive capitalist ideology that holds the ‘person’ of the author as of the greatest importance in literature, current ideology holds that the reader is the most important person in writing. Barthes advocates for getting rid of the myth that â€Å"the birth of the reader must be at the cost of the death of the author† (Barthes 148). He, however, does not fully support the ideology of the author being the centre of literature. This is expressed in his writing where he notes â€Å"The image of literature to be found in ordinary culture is tyrannically centred on the author.† (Barthes 143). In the current writings, text is â€Å"not a line of words releasing a single 'theological' meaning†, â€Å"but a multi-dimensional space in which a variety of writings, none' of them original, blend and clashâ €  (Barthes 146). This shows that they lack originality. They have no authors; writers depend on already written texts from previous authors, which are blended to form what they consider an authored text. During earlier times, the image of the literature was fully centred on the author. Barthes says it is unjustly centred on the author. Literature was focused on his passions, tastes, person, and life. Critics made conclusions saying that an author’s work if his failure. Explanation of the work focused on the woman or man who produced the work (Barthes 146). The history of modernity begins with Mallarme, who was the first to substitute language for the owner of the language at the time. According to him, language speaks, and not the author. To write is, â€Å"to reach that point where only language acts,† (143) and not the author. There is also Proust, who, as Barthes says, gave modern writing its epic. This writer never put his life into his novel as was the routine ; instead, he created a work that remained a model. This explains more why Barthes considered current texts recreated. They depend on already created models and quotations (Barthes 144). The main idea used by Barthes here is to use history to explain the changes that have occurred in text. The same idea is used in ‘On Cannibals’ Montaigne describes the meaning of certain words by comparing historical practices to current practices. According to him, people must be cautious before making judgements and subscribing to vulgar opinions. What brings this reasoning is the description of Roman army marshalled before King Pyrrhus as barbaric. From Montaigne’s point of view, there is nothing barbaric in these people. In his description, barbaric nature does not necessarily mean different. People should not be described as barbaric just because they have different practices from others. There should be judgement by test of reason and not just by a common report. The people described as barbaric, as described in history, are not barbaric. They are only considered barbaric because they are ‘wild’. They are wild in the sense that â€Å"nature produced them by herself and in her own ordinary way† (Montaigne 109). They have not been ‘artificially modified and removed from the common order. Montaigne notes that, in the land where we live, â€Å"we always see the perfect religion, perfect political system, and the perfect and most accomplished way of doing everything† (Montaigne 109).

Security policies and alternatives Essay Example for Free

Security policies and alternatives Essay In light of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the United States has made several efforts to increase the country’s security. Within the last year, one of the largest debates has been with regard to border security. While the terrorist attacks are some of the fuel behind the debate, other issues include providing for the needs of illegal immigrants and their families and the economic impact of illegal immigration. Though in theory the debate centers on all American borders, the focus has been primarily on the southern border with Mexico and little discussion has been had about improving the security along the Canadian border. New border legislation enacted in 2006 provided for the building of a wall measuring several hundred feet long on the United States/ Mexico border in Texas, longer jail sentences for those convicted of smuggling illegal immigrants into the United States, and the posting of National Guard troops along the United States/Mexico border. A report in the September 21, 2006, edition of the Washington Post states that recent bills passed by the United States Congress regarding border security have all been somewhat weak, and have covered disparate aspects of border security that have little to do with each other. Little has been done to create laws that are both tactically strong in preventing illegal immigrants and terrorists from crossing the borders of the United States as well as providing laws that are fair and equal to those wishing to emigrate by legal means. Heightened interest in illegal immigration has led to more reporting of conflicts between Mexican Nationals and those charged with patrolling the border. These conflicts have simply added fuel to the cry for improved border security. Recent advances in technology have made it so that the United States can employ newer technology, ranging from facial recognition software to fingerprint readers in their effort to have more control over who enters the country via the southern border. Because the technology is complicated and new, many lawmakers are concerned about the potential invasion of privacy that it might cause, as well as the expense that it will entail. In addition, many who do not live in the Border States or are unfamiliar with American geography may have trouble envisioning both the length and scope of the American-Mexican border. Many policy makers have difficulties understanding the specific nature of the problems and therefore end up developing inadequate or poorly functioning solutions that don’t do anywhere near enough to resolve the problems created by these inadequate solutions. According to Ackleson (2005) one of the main issues in helping policy makers develop functional, efficient policies is the fact that very few people in power understand exactly what creates a situation where border security is both efficient and fair. One of the major complaints that have been made about current border security and immigration policy is that it does little to stop illegal immigrants, or potential terrorists from entering the country. Little has been done by the Federal Government to expand the rights of INS Border Patrol Agents to act in order to prevent illegals from entering the country. The National Guard presence on the border is minimal and nowhere near enough to patrol the thousands of miles of unprotected border. Another issue is that of the Untied States border with Canada. Several thousand miles of this border are completely unguarded, and in many places, people can simply walk into the United States from Canada. According to Mass (2007) one of the major issues is the influence of major corporations on the political agenda in the United States. This is most true regarding industries that rely almost completely on the flow of illegal immigrants. Fields such as agribusiness, and the service industry that includes multi-national corporations such as Con-Agra and McDonalds have all had issues in the past with the hiring of illegal immigrants, and many of these businesses have a powerful lobby in the U. S Congress. This lobby affects the ability of lawmakers to put more effective border security policies in place on the United States Mexico border. Mass (2007) also characterizes the current lack of border security as an effort by the government and the lobbies of major corporations that influence political policies to create a North American Union similar to the European Union. This may, or may not be true however, it is a strong possibility that this could happen since countries in Asia, the Middle East, and South and Central America are moving towards similar alliances. Many have proposed the idea that the border begins not just at the physical entry points to the United States but in places where people and cargo embark upon the journey to the United States. Problems with border security are not just related to Mexican and Canadian borders but with the entry of people and goods from Europe, Asia and the Middle East as well. The numbers are rather overwhelming given the fact that land based borders between the U. S and other nations are around 7,500 miles long, 95,000 miles of coastline, and over 500 million people to contend with. This means that we need to be doing much more than we are currently doing in order to protect our borders. Jennifer Lake (2007) of the Congressional Research Service states that we must focus on border security for two primary reasons. First, alternative solutions to border security must be addressed in order to protect the United States from terrorism. Second, something must be done in order to stem the flow of illegal immigration from Mexico, and Central and South America. We also do very little to limit or stop immigration from countries with large numbers of suspected terrorists, or to limit student and temporary work visas even further. Although President Bush proposes increasing the number of available temporary worker visas, some people argue that this is not a feasible solution since it could allow for the entrance of terrorists into the country. The potential problem is similar to an existing one: there is no enforcement to assure that people with temporary visas leave when their visas expire. Many proponents of increased border security argue that the United States must first enforce the current immigration laws on the books, including taking action against the estimated 12 million illegal immigrants already in the country. Many argue that until the current laws are enforced, adding more laws will simply be additional laws that illegal immigrants ignore. Desired Situation The key issues in border security are preventing terrorists from entering the country via weak borders and stemming the flow of illegal immigration from Mexico and South and Central America. Ideally, the objective would be for national security interests to be able to identify anyone who chooses to set foot on American soil. The overall goal would be to know who is entering the United States and for what purpose. Preventing Terrorism Preventing terrorism is one of the major issues that must be addressed when looking at border security. Since September 11, 2001 much has been done to ensure border security in this direction. However, there is still a great deal of work to be done. A. Airport Security: Enforcing federal guidelines regarding airport security is vital. Critics of the Transportation Safety administration say that the regulations are enforced differently at various airports across the country and that many airport security personnel are poorly trained and ineffective. In reality, this may currently be one of the most secure entry points into the United States and efforts need to be made to make the physical borders of the country as safe as the airports and harbors. B. Terrorist Acts. Regardless of public outcry over profiling, the U. S. Immigration and Naturalization Service needs to have more stringent control on the immigration of people from countries with high numbers of known or suspected terrorists. This could include more stringent background checks before visas are issued and a mechanism by which INS is alerted if a person with a temporary visa fails to leave the country on time. It might also be worth considering some sort of monitoring system so that persons of suspect origin can be monitored while in the United States on a temporary visa. Other things to consider are: 1. Limiting the number of available student, or temporary worker visas. Many of the 9-11 terrorists entered on these types of visas. Many of their visas were also expired. INS need to be authorized to do extensive pre-entry background checks on those requesting visas and needs to have an effective enforcement arm for deporting those who stay beyond the length of their visas. 2. Adequate supervision of immigrants coming in from the Canadian border; instead, we focus on the mass numbers coming in from Mexico. Both borders must be equally secure so that terrorists do not simply adapt to changing security issues. 3. Utilizing more of the advanced technology that has been developed in the wake of 9-11. Fingerprint readers and facial recognition software should be available at every legal port of entry into the United States. Stemming the Flow of Illegal Immigration An equally hot topic in the border security debate has been the issue of stemming the flow of illegal immigrants that cross the border from Mexico. Many of these immigrants cross the border where there are no security checkpoints and therefore federal security agencies have no way to monitor who might be entering the country. Opponents to the prospect of tightening border security have claimed that we need the illegal immigrants to take service sector and farming jobs American-born workers refuse to do. While this type of culturally-biased and bigoted rhetoric has no place in the immigration debate, the country does need to address employment needs as part of an overall immigration reform package. Additional proposals for increasing security on the southern border include: 1. Using a mix of enforcement officers to patrol the border, including INS, National Guard and U. S. Border patrol. 2. Empowering border patrol agents to act with impunity in protecting the borer. When a border patrol officer is convicted of attempted murder for firing at someone illegal crossing the border, there is a problem. 3. Border crossing stations on all roads, not just major highways. 4. Using biometric, and computerized border control methods 5. Extending walls between United States and Mexican borders, and making them much higher than they currently are. 6. Longer jail sentences for illegal immigrants and those who smuggle them into the country. 7. Encouraging economic growth and development in Mexico and South and Central America Evaluative Criteria In creating the desired solution, the United States has many issues to consider. These are very long borders and therefore will require a mixture of approaches and means of enforcement. Furthermore, to effectively reach the desired solution, the entirety of the political structure has to reach a consensus regarding the goals and outcomes desired. Currently, the two sides of the immigration debate cannot even agree on the desired outcome. Issues that will have to be considered are: 1. Can this solution be reached through political consensus? Because the political parties in the United States have been so diametrically opposed of late, there seems to be little chance that the parties will agree on a solution that is both politically expedient and effective in any manner. The one thing that might alter this is the public outcry last spring over the legislation that congressional leaders put forth. 2. Can this project be done in a cost-effective manner? With more than 7500 miles of borders to the north and the couth, the United States needs to make a major investment in border security and doing so requires selling the majority of the populace on the need for that security. 3. Do we have the technological capabilities for this solution? One proposal before Congress gave the INS one 24-hour period to determine if someone was eligible for a temporary visa into the United States. This restriction is ludicrous. Other countries often take months to determine if a person is eligible for a short term visa. 4. Can we justify this solution to ourselves and the world? America has long been considered the land of opportunity. If we take significant steps which effectively reduce the number of immigrants allowed into the country, are we betraying our past? 5. Does this solution address the need to grant political and religious asylum to persecuted peoples around the world and is it so cumbersome as to make legal immigration even more difficult? 6. Does this solution adequately address matters of national security such as knowing who is within our borders and when they leave? Current Situation Currently the United States is not going as far as it should in protecting our borders. We are still stuck in the frame of mind that assumes that border security involves merely the increase of manpower. This is not necessarily true. We have tools that can be utilized to both protect our borders, and to ensure that the system operates in an efficient and an effective manner. As of right now the United States has increased the Border Patrol run by the Immigration and Naturalization Service by several thousand employees. The Federal Government has also stationed several National Guard units along the U. S, Mexico border. They are doing little or nothing to protect the Canadian border. Through the Department of Homeland Security and the Transportation Security Administration, some entry into the united States has become more monitored and more difficult, but the estimated 12 million illegal immigrants already within our borders proves that country is not doing enough to protect itself from outside treats. Scenario One Jose and Rita live in Mexico near the border with El Paso. Rita is pregnant and Jose believes that he can find better employment in the United States. He applies legally for a temporary work permit, crosses the border daily for work and then applies as a legal immigrant. This is, of course, the best case scenario and the way it should work. If Jose attempts to get a temporary visa, the government should conduct an appropriate background check and issue the visa. He should be allowed to work in the United States and return to his native country to live. These day passes are a normal thing in border towns. The key issue here is that we must monitor to make sure they are leaving when the temporary pass expires. Scenario Two Juan and Carmelita want their unborn child to be born in America so that it will be an American citizen. After several days of observation, they find a spot in central Arizona along the fence where they can sneak into the United States. Carmelita’s child is automatically an American citizen because it was born in the United States. The problem here is that there are miles of unsecured border where illegals can sneak through and that we reward them for the effort by providing them with free medical care and free citizenship for their children. We need to develop a way to prevent illegal border crossing and to discourage its use. Scenario Three Terrorists observe the American border with Canada is largely unprotected and find ways to enter Canada. Then, they purchase hiking gear and backpacks and simply hike across the border into northern Minnesota. Homeland Security has no way of knowing they have entered the country and no way to protect the populace. The Canadian border is very rugged in some places and difficult to monitor. However, the border must be monitored to prevent terrorists from simply walking across it. ALTERNATIVES: Solution One Provide more border security by utilizing computer, and biometric technology as well as infrared cameras etc to monitor the flow of people in and out of the U. S/ Mexico and the U. S /Canada borders. Utilize these technologies to inspect cargo as well as people. A technological approach will be costly given the length of the borders and the terrain in some regions. In addition, there will need to be additional manpower to respond to threats detected by the technology and to monitor the machines reporting. Solution Two Decrease the number of work visas available for high tech, or medical fields (there are jobs in these fields but this is not where the majority of illegals work) and increase work visas for the service sector (this is where the majority of illegal immigrants work). In addition, the screening process before these visas are issued should be more extensive and the reporting requirements for employers should be more extensive as well. For example, if an employer hires a person with temporary work visa and that person suddenly stops coming to work, there should be a reporting mechanism within the INS so that his location and intentions within the country can be determined. Solution Three Increase the number of United States Customs Agents in airports, train stations at international borders, highways, and sea and river ports. Solution Four Reduce the number of services available to illegal immigrants even further than they are now. Currently they receive services for children born in the United States by making these unavailable there would be little motivation to sneak across the U. S border in order to receive them. Solution Five Offer aid to Mexico and Central and South American nations to help them raise the minimum wage rate, and attract new industries to Mexico. By improving the employment conditions in these countries we reduce the number of illegal immigrants crossing the borders. Make it conditional on governmental responsibility and fair distribution of funds. Stakeholders Defining who has a stake in the immigration debate is difficult as it includes all American citizens, Canadian and Mexican citizens and those wanting to immigrate to the United states from anywhere in the world. Among the largest stakeholders though are American politicians. Politicians are faced with an on-going crisis of national security unlike any they have ever faced before. Despite their best efforts, there is not simply a place or a person that the country can use as a military target and end the threat to national security. Instead, politicians are left with the requirement that they make the country feel safer and, if possible, be safer from external attacks. Politician’s further interest in the subject comes in the form of campaign donations and voting blocks. Many fear that if they are viewed as strong on immigration policy, they may lose voters among the Hispanic community and in other groups which believe that American opportunity should be available for everyone. On the other side of the coin, mostly Republican lawmakers are concerned about the big business interest in illegal immigration and do not want to offend the donors with big wallets. Caught in-between is the average American, Canadian or Mexican citizen. Many in border states grew up in a time when crossing the border was as easy as going into the next state. Many are mentally unprepared for the idea that Mexico and Canada really are sovereign countries and that a passport is required to visit them. Furthermore, people living in Border States have no desire to lose additional civil liberties in the name of security. Recommendations/Rationales American border security options have been criticized worldwide from countries which do far more to police their borders and regulate immigration than we ever have. Even Mexico, which has fence with concertina wire on its southern border, has argued that the United States should not protect itself from illegal border crossings. The people of America disagree. Middle America wants to feel safe from terrorist attacks and citizens in the Border States would like to feel that their jobs are secure from replacement with illegal immigrants. Unfortunately, with world criticism and a self-image based on the Statue of Liberty’s invitation to the â€Å"poor huddled masses yearning to be free†, it is difficult to find a solution that is both economically feasible and politically feasible. The best option is to increase physical security on the border including both personnel and technology. Building a wall is a fruitless and ridiculous idea that will waste valuable resource. Instead, we need to encourage the economies of Mexico and Central America while instituting serious enforcement of our border crossing laws. We also need to eliminate social welfare programs for illegal immigrants and restrict or eliminate auto-citizenship for newborns. Or, if we really do want to be the nation of immigrants we once were, we need to establish a new Ellis Island, in Texas or California, where people can line up and wait for their chance to swear allegiance to the United States and become citizens the right way. Success Indicators Perhaps it is the insidious nature of the problem, but measuring success of border security will be difficult. The largest measure of success is freedom from outside attack, but that is only one component of this issue. The further measure of success would be to see a decline in the number of illegal immigrants in the country and an increase in the number that are here legally. References Ackleson, Jason. Border security technologies: local and regional implications. The Review of Policy Research 22. 2 (March 2005): 137(19) Dizard, Wilson P. , III. DHS gets down to details on SBI: new technology plans include budget and staffing blueprints; cost put at nearly $8b. (Department of Homeland Security, Secure Border Initiative). Government Computer News 25. 34 (Dec 11, 2006): 1(2). I â€Å"House Passes Border Security Bill† Washington Post, September 21, 2006: http://www. washingtonpost. com Lake, Jennifer E. Border security: the complexity of the challenge. Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs. Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs, 2007. Mass, Warren. Why cant we secure the border? In truth, we can secure the border. The problem is that the federal government is pursuing an open-borders policy as a steppingstone to North American merger. (SPECIAL REPORT: ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION). The New American 23. 8 (April 16, 2007): 25(2). I